Prevent profiler flamegraph crashes when higher-order-component names are missing

Prevent profiler flamegraph crashes when higher-order-component names are missing targets a $20.0B = 25M professional developers x $800 ARPU for developer tooling/observability annually total addressable market with medium saturation and a year-over-year growth rate of 12-18% annually driven by increased frontend complexity and observability spend.

Key trends driving demand: Frontend complexity -- adoption of micro-frontends, HOCs, and SSR increases the volume and variability of profiling data, creating demand for robust visualization tools.; Observability consolidation -- teams prefer integrated stacks (APM + front-end profiling + session replay), favoring tools that integrate cleanly with CI/CD and telemetry pipelines.; AI-assisted debugging -- code models can recognize and auto-fix common snapshot anomalies, accelerating delivery of stable developer tooling..